Wilford Woodruff records: "I called upon Mr
Wilford Woodruff records: "I called upon Mr. A. Crane M.D., professor of Phrenology, who accompanied me to my house and examined my head and the heads of my family and gave us a chart of each head."
The hardest nine years. An extermination order empties Missouri, and the Saints build a city out of swampland on a bend in the Mississippi. Nauvoo grows to rival Chicago, the Relief Society is organised, temple ordinances are given, and then Joseph and Hyrum Smith are killed at Carthage and the city is abandoned.
1,461 entries in this era, shown 200 to a page. This is page 5 of 8, covering 1842 to 1843. See the same material on the moving timeline.
Wilford Woodruff records: "I called upon Mr. A. Crane M.D., professor of Phrenology, who accompanied me to my house and examined my head and the heads of my family and gave us a chart of each head."
Wilford Woodruff records: "Spent the day in the printing Office. WE struck off about 100 No of the 10 No 3 vol of Times & Seasons which contained the portion of the Book of Abraham that gave his account of Kolob, Oliblish, God siting upon his Throne The Earth, other planets & many great & glorious things as revealed to Abraham through the power of the priesthood."
Wilford Woodruff writes: "There was a Counsel of the Twelve held for four days with Elder Orson Pratt to labour with him to get him to recall his sayings against Joseph & The Twelve but he persisted in his wicked course & would not recall any of his sayings which were made in public against Joseph & others sayings which were unjust & untrue. The Twelve then rejected him as a member of their quorum & he was cut off from the Church."
Begins operating a general store in Nauvoo (known as the Red Brick Store).
Willard Richards Appointed JS's Secretary
Willard Richards to Write Church History
William Clayton Appointed as Temple Recorder
William Clayton Appointed JS's Scribe
William W. Phelps to Continue Work on JS's History
Word Received in Nauvoo of Lilburn W. Boggs Shooting
This edition was created in Manchester, England and was compiled by Hiram Clark, Thos Ward. There were 271 Hymns in this edition. At the time it was edition number 3.
This edition was created in Bellow Falls, VT, USA and was compiled by J.C. Little, G.B. Gardner. There were 47 Hymns in this edition. At the time it was the only edition.
After Joseph's murder in 1844 she becomes Heber C. Kimball's wife with the understanding that "I should be his wife for time, and time only, ...and in the resurrection he would surrender me, with my children, to Joseph Smith." On his death bed Heber C. Kimball says to Lucy, "What can you tell Joseph when you meet him? Cannot you say that I have been kind to you as it was possible to be under the circumstances? I know you can, and am confident you will be as a mediator between me and Joseph..."
Another Writ of Habeas Corpus Issued for JS
Anson Mathews's Charges Not Sustained
Anti-Mormon Party Meeting Held
Armed Vigilantes' Attempt to Prevent Latter-day Saints from Taking Oaths of Office
At a conference in Boston at which seven of the Quorum of the Twelve were present, Elder Wilford Woodruff affirms that the Book of Mormon "contains an account of the ancient inhabitants of this continent who over spread this land with cities from sea to sea," a restatement of the contemporary understanding that the people of Nephi "did cover the whole face of the land, both on the northward and on the southward, from the sea west to the sea east" (Helaman 11:20)
At a meeting of the Anointed Quorum, Joseph Smith "anoints" and ordains William Law as first counselor and Amasa J. Lyman as second counselor in anticipation of dropping Sidney Rigdon from his position of counselor at the upcoming conference.
At the direction of the President of the United States the post office at Nauvoo is abolished.
Boggs's Affidavit Ruled Defective
Brigham Young, president of Twelve Apostles, gives instructions to missionaries being sent to Hawaii ("Sandwich Islands"): "Keep union among yourselves. be servants to each other, when you arrive never say that the missionaries are wrong.-- attend their meetings.-- get the hearts of the people. go help build up a methodist church & till you get the hearts of the people, -- tell the Methodists the Presby Terians are right or -- never will do any thing with argument.-- do not contend against the missionaries."
Brigham Young's diary states: "Monday evening Baptized Sisters Cuoub Augusta Adams Cobb & Hariett Cook." Two days later Joseph Smith marries these two women to Young. Augusta Adams Cobb married Henry Cobb of Boston, Mass., in 1822. She left him five of her seven children to join with the Mormons. Her husband divorced her in 1847-- four years after she married Brigham Young.
D&C 129 provided instructions distinguishing ministering angels and spirits.
D&C 130, items of instruction, was given at Ramus, Illinois.
D&C 131, instructions, was given at Ramus, Illinois.
D&C 132, revelation on celestial and plural marriage, was recorded.
Daniel Avery Abducted from Hancock County
Death of Elias Higbee
Doctrine & Covenants Section 129 was given to Joseph Smith (instructions) in matters relating to distinguishing the nature of angels and disembodied spirits
Doctrine & Covenants Section 130 was given to Joseph Smith (instruction) in matters relating to Various items of instruction; corporeal nature of God and Jesus Christ; intelligence; seer stones
Doctrine & Covenants Section 131 was given to Joseph Smith (instruction) in matters relating to Various items of instruction; celestial marriage; eternal life
Doctrine & Covenants Section 132 was given to Joseph Smith in matters relating to plural marriage; celestial marriage; sealing power; exaltation
During a sermon Joseph Smith refers to the succession promise to his son Joseph III.
Elder George J. Adams had returned from a two-year mission in England with a new wife and child, though he already had a wife and family in Nauvoo.
Elder Noah Rogers administers to a paralyzed woman at Farmington, Connecticut, who walks the next day.
Emma Smith finds her husband Joseph Smith and 22-year-old Eliza Partridge secluded in an upstairs bedroom at the Smith home. Emma is devastated.
Emma Smith's Return from St. Louis
English Immigrants Arrived in Nauvoo
Eternal marriage revelation is received.
Fifteen-year-old Thomas Morgan says that Orrin Porter Rockwell told him "Joseph had taught that it was right to steal . . . which was the means of drawing Thomas into the practice of stealing." Smith's next remark about his boyhood friend: "conversed much about Porter, wishing the boy well." Another 14-year-old boy is charged brought up on suspicion of stealing but since there is "no positive testimony appearing against him Mayor Joseph Smith ordered his father to take him home and try him. If he found the boy guilty to whip him severely." Joseph Smith also "decided that he had no objection to having a brewery put up by Theodore Turley." Wilford Woodruff sees "a stream of light in the south west quarter of the heavens. The rays of light were in the form of a broadsword with the hilt downward." Joseph Smith comments on this sign: "As sure as there is a God who wits enthroned in the heavens & as sure as he ever spoke to me so sure there will be a speedy & bloody war & the broad sword seen last evening is the sure sign thereof."
First Issue of Nauvoo Neighbor Published
Harrison Sagers Charged by JS
Heber C. Kimball writes in a letter to his wife and daughter, Helen: "Let us seek to be true to our integrity, wherever we shall make vows or covenants with each other. Then we have got in that narrow way that leads to eternal life. Now let us be careful that we do not make a breach, but let us learn by the things that we see others suffer, and not have to pass through them ourselves. . . . Now, Helen, study to be a comfort to all who are connected to us by the ties of nature, . . ."
In 1843 there were 374 missionaries called to serve.
In a Sunday morning meeting, Brigham Young refuses Joseph Smith's requirement that the apostles post bonds to guarantee the donations they collect. In the afternoon meeting, Young refuses to sit with church authorities on the stand. He does not execute his bond until May 30. Joseph Smith tells the general conference, "I'll wring a thief's neck off if I can find him, if I cannot bring him to Justice any other way." Concerning the second coming of Jesus, Joseph Smith affirms, "There are those of the rising generation who shall not taste death till Christ comes. . . .I prophesy in the name of the Lord God, and let it be written--the Son of Man will not come in the clouds of heaven till I am eighty-five years old Dec. 23, 1890." This is also the first general conference to sustain a Presiding Patriarch.
In the same sermon Joseph Smith also "showed that a man must enter into an everlasting covenant with his wife in this world or he will have no claim on her in the next. He said that he could not reveal the fulness of these things untill the Temple is completed &c." The temple was not completed until after Joseph's death.
Instruction to William W. Phelps and Williard Richards
James C. Brewster published his claim that as part of an 1836 Ohio treasure-quest, Presiding Patrairch Joseph Smith, Sr., "anointed the mineral rods and seeing stones with consecrated oil. and prayed over them in the house of the Lord in Kirtland."
James Sloan's Mission Call to Ireland
Jewish convert Alexander Neibauer begins publishing a two-installment discussion of Kabbalist views of spirit transmigration or rebirth. His article cites ten Kabbalistic authors and works available only in Hebrew. The Kabbala is Judaism's mystical and magical tradition.
John Frierson Drafted Memorial
Joseph also states: "we learn in the church about a priesthood after the order of Melchizedek--Prophet, Priest and King, and I will advance from Prophet to Priest and then to King not to the kingdoms of this Earth but of the most High God."
Joseph and Emma Smith are the first couple to receive the second anointing in which each is "anointed & ordained to the highest & holiest order of the priesthood." At the meeting Joseph Smith "led in prayer that his days might be prolonged until his mission on the earth is accomplished, have dominion over his enemies, all their households be blessed, and all the Church and the world." Ten months later Joseph is killed at Carthage.
Joseph C. Kingsbury participates in a "pretend marriage" to seventeen-year-old Sarah Ann Whitney order to help Joseph Smith disguise his secret marriage to her. Kingsbury writes in his autobiography, "I according to Pres. Joseph Smith & Council & others agreed to stand by Sarah Ann Whitney as though I was supposed to be her husband and participated in a pretended marriage for the purpose of . . . Bringing about the purposes of God in these last days . . ."
Joseph Smith "clarifies" his recent statement that he was resigning his prophet's mantle and giving it to his Brother Hyrum: "Last Monday morning certain brethren came to me and said they could hardly consent to receive Hyrum as a prophet, and for me to resign. But I told them, "I only said it to try your faith; and it is strange, brethren, that you have been in the Church so long, and not yet understand the Melchizedek Priesthood." Joseph's "resignation" was a temporary tactic to allow Hyrum to instruct the Saints to vote for a different candidate than the one to whom Joseph had previously committed his support.
Joseph Smith approves a decision two days previously by a "court martial" "That an arsenal be built in the city of Nauvoo, to be located in any part of the city where the lieutenant and major generals may direct, who are also authorized to make or cause to be made, a draft of the same, and also to purchase any piece of land for the aforesaid purposes which they may deem proper."
Joseph Smith arrested at Dixon, Illinois; released July 1, 1843.
Joseph Smith creates confusion by declaring that he "would not prophesy any more, and proposed Hyrum to hold the office of prophet to the Church, as it was his birthright" as Presiding Patriarch. Stake president and former Nauvoo resident Abraham O. Smoot would tell the Provo School of the Prophets in 1868 that HyrumSmith "used to say about prophecy if you hit once in 10 times that is alright."
Joseph Smith dictates a letter to Sidney Rigdon "showing that Joseph believed said Rigdon was concerned connected with John C. Bennett, George W. Robinson, and Jared Carter." Joseph states in the letter:."I now notify you. That unless something should take place to restore my mind to its former confidence in you, by some acknowledgments on your part or some explanations, that shall do away my Jealousies, I must as a conscientious man, publish my withdrawal of my fellowship from you, to the church through the medium of the times & Seasons, and demand of the conference a hearing concerning your case;" Willard Richards delivered the letter the same day Rigdon penned a conciliatory reply in which he denied all charges. At the next October conference Joseph Smith proposed that Rigdon should be dismissed but the proposition was defeated.
State officials in league with a Missouri sheriff and an Illinois constable conspire to arrest the Prophet at the home of his wife’s relatives in Dixon Township, Illinois, intending to whisk him away to Missouri; his friends foil the plan, and the Prophet wins release in the courts.
Joseph Smith instructs the Sunday congregation that it is wrong to have "men among women, and women among men," and segregates the congregation by gender.
Joseph Smith is arrested for treason against Missouri but freed the next day on writ of HABEUS CORPUS from Nauvoo court and released July 1.
Joseph Smith marries William Clayton to Margaret Moon.
Joseph Smith opened the Mansion House to the public with a memorable dinner party for "more than one hundred couple sic." Notices of the occasion prepared for publication in the Nauvoo Neighbor reports that "General Joseph Smith, the proprietor of said house, provided a luxurious feast for a pleasure party; and all having partaken of the luxuries of a well spread board, the cloth was removed, and a committee appointed to draft resolutions suitable to the occasion."
Joseph Smith physically assaults the county tax assessor, for which he pleads guilty and pays a fine.
Joseph Smith preaches concerning the Nauvoo high council trial of Pelatiah Brown, Sr.: "I do not like the old man being called up for erring in doctrine. It looks too much like the Methodists, and not like the Latter-day Saints. Methodists have creeds which a man must believe or be asked out of their church. I want the liberty of thinking and believing as I please. It feels so good not to be trammelled. It does not prove that a man is not a good man because he errs in doctrine."
Joseph Smith preaches to a crowd of 8000 people in Nauvoo: "I wish the lawyer who says we have no powers in Nauvoo may be choked to death on his own words. Don't employ lawyers, or pay them money for their knowledge, for I have learnt they don't know anything. I know more than they all. . . . You speak of lawyers; I am a lawyer too, but the Almighty God has taught me the principle of law; . . ."
Joseph Smith preaches, "The only fault I find with the Constitution is, it is not broad enough to cover the whole ground. Although it provides that all men shall enjoy religious freedom, yet it does not provide the manner by which that freedom can be preserved, nor for the punishment of Government officers who refuse to protect the people in their religious rights, or punish those mobs, states, or communities who interfere with the rights of the people on acount of their religion."
Joseph Smith preaches, "There are no angels who administer to this earth but who belong or have belonged to this earth. The angels do not reside on a planet like this earth, but they reside in the presence of God, but on a Globe like a sea of glass and fire." 'Sea of glass before the throne &c.' where all things are manifest past, present, and to come. The place where God resides is a great Urim and Thummin. This earth in its sanctified and immortal state will be a Urim and Thummin for all things below it in the scale of creation, but not above it. . . . I prophecy in the Name of the Lord God that the commencement of bloodshed as preparatory to the coming of the Son of Man will commence in South Carolina. (It probably may come through the slave trade) This the voice declared to me while I was praying earnestly on the subject 25 December 1832.. . . I earnestly desired to know concerning the coming of the Son of Man and prayed, when a voice Said to me, 'Joseph my son, if thou livest until thou art 85 years old thou shall see the face of the Son of Man. Therefore let this suffice and trouble me no more on this matter"
Joseph Smith seals Dr. John M. Bernhisel to his deceased sister Maria Bernhisel.
Joseph Smith tells a council meeting, "The patriarchal office is the highest in the church, and father Smith conferred this office, on Hyrum Smith, on his death bed."
Joseph Smith tells a group of newly-arrived converts in Nauvoo, "The lower part of the town is the most healthy. In the upper part of the town the Merchants will say I am partial &c., but the lower part of the town is much the most healthy." Joseph Smith was selling land in the "lower part" of Nauvoo which he, only two years previously, had complained about the "lower part" being decidedly unhealthy.
Joseph Smith tells his secretary William Clayton not to worry about an upcoming birth from a secret polygamous union: "if they raise trouble about it and bring you before me I will give you an awful scourging and probably cut you off from the church and then I will baptise you and set you ahead as good as ever."
Joseph Smith tells Judge Stephen A. Douglas, "I prophecy in the name of the Lord God that in a few years this government will be utterly overthrown and wasted so that there will not be a potsherd left".
Joseph Smith tells the Nauvoo Temple committee that "he had a right to take away any property he chose from the Temple and they had no right to stand in the way."
Joseph Smith tells the Twelve, "wake up the people to the importance of building the Nauvoo House, as there is a prejudice against it in favor of the Temple." The Nauvoo House was to be, according to Smith, a hotel "where men of wealth, character, and influence from abroad can go and repose themselves."
Joseph Smith was discharged from arrest in the Boggs shooting.
Joseph Smith writes for publication in the TIMES and SEASONS, "I may safely say that the word "Mormon" stands independent of the wisdom and learning of this generation. The word Mormon, means literally, more good."
Joseph Smith writes in his journal: "Forenoon visited by several gentlemen concerning the plates which were dug out of a mound near Qunig Kinderhook, Pike County, Illinois. Sent by William Smith to the office for Hebrew Bible and Lexicon. Mr. Vickers the wire dancer called."
Joseph Smith's confidant and personal secretary, William Clayton, writes in his diary: "A.M. at the Temple. President Joseph at my house with Miss Woodworth."
Joseph Smith's personal secretary, William Calyton, writes: "President Joseph told me that he had difficulty with Emma yesterday. She rode up to Woodworths with him and called while he came to the Temple. "
Joseph Smith's personal secretary, William Clayton, writes: "Emma asked if I handed 2 letters to Joseph which she showed me. I had not done it. I satisfied her I had not. They appeared to be from Eliza Roxcy Snow and President Joseph found them in his pocket. Emma seemed vexed and angry."
JS Accused Sidney Rigdon of Dissension
JS and Emma Smith Anointed and Ordained to Highest Order of Priesthood
JS and Emma Smith Married for Eternity
JS and Family Moved into Nauvoo Mansion
JS and Nauvoo City Council Approved Memorials to Congress
JS and Sidney Rigdon Reconciled
JS Approved Creation of Church Settlement in Shokokon
JS Arrested at Dixon
JS Attended Meeting to Consider Charges against Benjamin Winchester and George J. Adams
JS Became Violently Ill
JS Called for Building of Nauvoo Temple and Nauvoo House
JS Chosen President of Special Council
JS Deeded Lots of Land to Emma Smith and Children
JS Defended Himself against Charge of Treason
JS Departed Nauvoo for Dixon
JS Discharged by Nauvoo Municipal Court
JS Discharged from Arrest by Governor Ford
JS Finalized Purchase of Maid of Iowa
JS Initiated Civil Lawsuit against Harmon T. Wilson and Joseph H. Reynolds
JS Initiated Purchase of Maid of Iowa
JS Met with Potawatomi Indians
JS Obtained New Writ of Habeas Corpus
JS Ordained Four Missionaries
JS Preached Discourse to Shokokon Residents
JS Presided at Special Conference
JS Presided over Dana v. Brink Trial
JS Purchased Thirty-Nine Town Lots in Shokokon
JS Received Reply from Henry Clay
JS Received Responses from Presidential Candidates
JS Reelected Mayor
JS Renegotiated 1839 Contract for Land Purchase
JS Returned to Nauvoo from Dixon
JS Sealed Again to Emily and Eliza Partridge
JS Sealed to Almera Woodward Johnson Prescott
JS Sealed to Desdemona Wadsworth Fullmer
JS Sealed to Eliza Partridge
JS Sealed to Elvira Annie Cowles Holmes
JS Sealed to Emily Partridge
JS Sealed to Fanny Young Murray
JS Sealed to Flora Ann Woodworth
JS Sealed to Helen Mar Kimball, Maria Lawrence, and Sarah Lawrence
JS Sealed to Lucy Walker
JS Sealed to Malissa Lott
JS Sealed to Marinda Nancy Johnson Hyde
JS Sealed to Olive Frost
JS Sealed to Rhoda Richards
JS Sent Amasa Lyman to Shokokon
JS Spoke on Saints' Experiences in Missouri
JS Suffered Illness
JS Sworn In as Mayor
JS Traveled to Macedonia and Carthage
JS Voted in Congressional Election
JS's Altercation with Walter Bagby
JS's Celebration of Recent Legal Victory
JS's Church Article Sent to Publisher
JS's Decision in Dana v. Brink Trial
JS's Departure from Springfield
JS's Departure to Shokokon
JS's Discourse on Congressional Election
JS's Discourse on Death and Mortality
JS's Discourse on Death, Burial, and Resurrection
JS's Discourse on Different Orders of Priesthood
JS's Discourse on Eternal Marriage
JS's Discourse on Liberty of Conscience
JS's Discourse on Loving Everyone
JS's Discourse on Priesthood
JS's Discourse on Receiving Divine Confirmation of Salvation
JS's Discourse on Religious Persecution
JS's Discourse to Immigrants
JS's Discourses in Ramus
JS's Discourses on Nauvoo Temple and First Vision
JS's Discussion on Appointing Committee to Solicit Subscribers
JS's Habeas Corpus Hearing
JS's Instruction in Ramus
JS's Instruction to Church Members in Macedonia
JS's Instruction to Twelve Apostles
JS's Interview with Pittsburgh Gazette Editor
JS's Letters to Presidential Candidates
JS's Meeting with John Frierson
JS's Prophecy about Stephen Douglas
JS's Remarks about Nauvoo Legion
JS's Remarks during Harrison Sagers Trial
JS's Return to Nauvoo
JS's Travel to Carthage and Macedonia
JS's Travel to Lima
JS's Travel to Macedonia
JS's Travel to Nauvoo from Macedonia
JS's Travel to Quincy and Keokuk
Last Issue of Wasp Published
Letter Informing Thomas Ford of JS's Indictment
Mason Brayman's Letter to JS
Men Part of Archaeological Hoax Visited JS
Mormons in New York City ask: "Is it right for a priest to be appointed to accompany a teacher to the house of each member." Brigham Young responds, "Yes, any officer from a high priest to a deacon may visit the Church or members, and be set apart for this purpose." This is the earliest instruction on what would become known in pioneer Utah as "block teaching" or "ward teaching." Now called "home teaching."
Nauvoo City Council Administered Oaths to Police Force
Nauvoo City Council Passed Ordinance Limiting Jurisdiction in Nauvoo
Nauvoo City Council Passed Ordinance to Protect JS
Nauvoo City Police Force Ordinance Passed
Nauvoo Legion General Parade Held
Nauvoo Mansion Opened as Hotel
News of Avery Kidnappings Arrived in Nauvoo
On the 15th of May . . . the Prophet Joseph Smith again Came and at my hosue house ocupied the Same Room & Bed with my Sister that the month previous he had ocupied with the Daughter of the Later Bishop Partridge as his wife. (Benjamin F. Johnson)
Opponents' Decision to Draft Resolutions against JS
Opponents' Resolutions against JS Arrived in Nauvoo
Ordinance Passed to Establish Ferry from Nauvoo
Orrin Porter Rockwell Charged with Boggs Assassination Attempt
Orson Pratt preaches, "Resurrection of the body is denyed by many because it is contrary to the laws of nature, because flesh and bones are constantly changing, completely new in 7 or 10 years. If this is true a man in 70 years would have matter enough for 10 different bodies. Objector says this resurrection cannot be true, for if so, men would be quarreling which body belongs to himself and others. Who shall have the best right to it. I do not believe that more than 3/4 of our bodies is comprised of animal organization, but is purely vegetable. Hence through all the 70 years a man will have one or two parts, which will be the same original. If he receives the matter he was in possession of 50 years before he died, he has the same body." Joseph Smith later adds, "Their is no fundamental principle belonging to a human System that 'ever goes into another in this world or the world to come.' The principle of Brother Pratt was correct. I care not what the theories of men are. We have the testimony that God will raise us up and he has power to do it. If any one supposes that any part of our bodies that is the fundamental parts thereof, ever goes into another body he is mistaken."
Parley P. Pratt writes to a non-Mormon cousin concerning claims by John C. Bennet that Joseph Smith tried to seduce Orson Pratt's wife Sarah: "As to Bennett or his book The History of the Saints, 1842 I consider it a little stooping to mention it. It is beneath contempt & would disgrace the society of HELL & the DEVIL. . . .There is not such a thing named among the saints as he represents." Orson Pratt adds a postscript to the letter: " J.C. Bennett has published lies concerning myself & family & the people with which I am connected." Sarah Pratt, however, later states: "I know that the principle statements in John C. Bennett's Book on Mormonism are true."
Patriarch Hyrum Smith blesses Leonora Cannon Taylor: "You shall be blest with your portion of the Priesthood which belongeth to you, that you may be set apart for your Anointing and your induement endowment."
Philander Avery Abducted from Hancock County
Presiding Patriarch and Associate President Hyrum Smith assures a citywide congregation that only the devil would give a revelation approving "wifes & concubines."
Quorum of Twelve Appointed to Collect Funds
Reinstatement of Orson Pratt into Church and Quorum
Request for Article on Church to Be Published
Return of Orrin Porter Rockwell
Revelation on eternal marriage and plural wives was recorded.
Robert Wiley "finds" six metal, bell-shaped plates covered with hieroglyphs while digging in a mound near Kinderhook, Illinois. The plates are found with a skeleton eleven feet below the top of the mound. There are "two mormon elders" among the dozen people witnessing the excavation. The plates are brought to Joseph Smith who says "they contain the history of the person with whom they were found and he was a descendant of Ham through the loins of Pharaoh king of Egypt, and that he received his kingdom from the ruler of heaven and earth." In 1855 and 1879 associates of Wiley claim that the plates were a hoax gotten up by Wiley and friends to fool Smith. There is debate about the validity of the "hoax" stories until 1981 when the plates are subjected to testing which conclusively verifies their 19th-century origin and details given by the hoaxers in their manufacture.
Special Conference of Elders Held